Use of Doppler Ultrasound for Saphenous Vein Mapping to Obtain Grafts for Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.

INTRODUCTION: The great saphenous vein is widely used as a graft in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Complications due to saphenous vein harvesting can be minimized when using ultrasonography mapping and marking. OBJECTIVE: To analyze by clinical trial the use of vascular ultrasonography to map the saphenous vein in coronary artery bypass grafting to determine viability and dissection site. METHODS: A total of 151 consecutive patients submitted to coronary artery bypass surgery with the use of the great saphenous vein as a graft were selected for this prospective study. They were divided into two groups: Group 1 - 84 patients were submitted to ultrasonographic mapping and marking of the saphenous vein; Group 2 - 67 patients had saphenous vein harvested without any previous study. Both groups were coupled with follow-up on the 1st, 5th and 30th postoperative days. Primary endpoints were need for incision of the contralateral leg and wound complications within 30 days. RESULTS: Both legs had to be incised in 6 (8.95%) patients from Group 2 (P=0.0067). Wound complications occurred in 33 (23.4%) patients within 30 days, 21 (35%) from Group 2 e 12 (14.8%) from Group 1 (OR 3.095, 1.375-6.944, CI 95%, P=0.008). Within 30 days there were 4 (2.8%) deaths, all in Group 2 (P=0.036). CONCLUSION: The use of vascular ultrasonography for mapping of the great saphenous vein in coronary artery bypass surgery has properly identified and evaluated the saphenous vein, significantly reducing wound complications and unnecessary incisions. It would be advisable to use this noninvasive and easy to use method routinely in coronary artery bypass surgery.

Use of doppler ultrasound for saphenous vein mapping to obtain grafts for coronary artery bypass grafting

Abstract Introduction: The great saphenous vein is widely used as a graft in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Complications due to saphenous vein harvesting can be minimized when using ultrasonography mapping and marking. Objective: To analyze by clinical trial the use of vascular ultrasonography to map the saphenous vein in coronary artery bypass grafting to determine viability and dissection site. Methods: A total of 151 consecutive patients submitted to coronary artery bypass surgery with the use of the great saphenous vein as a graft were selected for this prospective study. They were divided into two groups: Group 1 - 84 patients were submitted to ultrasonographic mapping and marking of the saphenous vein; Group 2 - 67 patients had saphenous vein harvested without any previous study. Both groups were coupled with follow-up on the 1st, 5th and 30th postoperative days. Primary endpoints were need for incision of the contralateral leg and wound complications within 30 days. Results: Both legs had to be incised in 6 (8.95%) patients from Group 2 (P=0.0067). Wound complications occurred in 33 (23.4%) patients within 30 days, 21 (35%) from Group 2 e 12 (14.8%) from Group 1 (OR 3.095, 1.375-6.944, CI 95%, P=0.008). Within 30 days there were 4 (2.8%) deaths, all in Group 2 (P=0.036). Conclusion: The use of vascular ultrasonography for mapping of the great saphenous vein in coronary artery bypass surgery has properly identified and evaluated the saphenous vein, significantly reducing wound complications and unnecessary incisions. It would be advisable to use this noninvasive and easy to use method routinely in coronary artery bypass surgery.

Prevalence and surgical approach of supravalvular pulmonary stenosis after Jatene operation for transposition of great arteries.

BACKGROUND: The Transposition of the Great Arteries is the most frequent congenital cyanogenic cardiopathy in the neonatal period, corresponding to 7% of all congenital cardiopathies. Among the operations for surgical treatment, the Jatene operation, with arterial correction, is the treatment of choice. During the late postoperative evolution, some problems were observed, with the most common being the occurrence of supravalvular stenosis at the neopulmonary, regardless of the type of surgical technique used. OBJECTIVE: To study and analyze the prevalence of stenosis, as well as describe the surgical treatment and propose technical maneuvers to prevent its onset. METHODS: Of the 553 patients that underwent surgery, 409 were discharged from the hospital and 281 had late follow-up; 59 (20.9%) presented different degrees of supravalvular pulmonary stenosis and 21 had a mean gradient > 60 mmHg, needing surgical treatment. Depending on the location and anatomy of the stenosis, the surgical treatment consisted of the use of different techniques, such as the enlargement of stenosis areas with bovine pericardium patches, resection of stenotic areas and termino-terminal anastomosis, replacement of retracted patches and synthetic tubes. RESULTS: Twenty patients presented good evolution and only one patient died. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the supravalvular pulmonary stenosis, post-Jatene operation for Transposition of Great Arteries, had a prevalence of 20.9%; once identified and with indication for treatment, it can be treated surgically with low mortality levels, through different surgical techniques; to prevent the occurrence of stenosis, ample dissection and release of the pulmonary branches, double anastomoses, large patches of autologous pericardium and careful reconstruction of the aorta are proposed, which prevents the compression of the neopulmonary.

Prevalência e abordagem cirúrgica da estenose supravalvar pulmonar pós-operação de jatene para transposição das grandes artérias / Prevalence and surgical approach of supravalvular pulmonary stenosis after jatene operation for transposition of great arteries

FUNDAMENTO: A transposição das grandes artérias é a cardiopatia congênita cianogênica mais freqüente no período neonatal, correspondendo a 7 por cento de todas as cardiopatias congênitas. Dentre as operações para tratamento cirúrgico, a operação de Jatene, com correção arterial, é o tratamento escolhido. Durante a evolução pós-operatória tardia, alguns problemas foram observados, sendo o mais comum a ocorrência de estenose supravalvar na neopulmonar, independentemente do tipo da técnica cirúrgica utilizada. OBJETIVO: Estudar e analisar a prevalência da estenose, bem como descrever o tratamento cirúrgico e propor manobras técnicas para prevenir seu aparecimento. MÉTODOS: Dentre 553 pacientes operados, 409 tiveram alta hospitalar e 281 seguidos tardiamente; 59 (20,9 por cento) apresentaram diferentes graus de estenose supravalvar pulmonar e 21 gradiente médio superior a 60 mmHg, necessitando tratamento cirúrgico. Dependendo da localização e da anatomia da estenose, o tratamento cirúrgico constou de aplicação de diferentes técnicas, como ampliação das áreas de estenose com remendos de pericárdio bovino, ressecção de áreas estenóticas e anastomose término-terminal, substituição de remendos retraídos e de tubos sintéticos. RESULTADOS: Houve boa evolução em 20 pacientes, com óbito em um dos casos. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que a estenose supravalvar pulmonar pós-operação de Jatene para transposição das grandes artérias teve prevalência de 20,9 por cento. Uma vez identificada e com indicação de tratamento, pode ser tratada cirurgicamente com baixa mortalidade, mediante diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas. Para prevenir a ocorrência de estenose, propõem-se ampla dissecção e liberação dos ramos pulmonares, anastomoses amplas, remendos amplos de pericárdio autólogo e cuidado na reconstrução da neoaorta, evitando compressão da neopulmonar.

BACKGROUND: The Transposition of the Great Arteries is the most frequent congenital cyanogenic cardiopathy in the neonatal period, corresponding to 7 percent of all congenital cardiopathies. Among the operations for surgical treatment, the Jatene operation, with arterial correction, is the treatment of choice. During the late postoperative evolution, some problems were observed, with the most common being the occurrence of supravalvular stenosis at the neopulmonary, regardless of the type of surgical technique used. OBJECTIVE: To study and analyze the prevalence of stenosis, as well as describe the surgical treatment and propose technical maneuvers to prevent its onset. METHODS: Of the 553 patients that underwent surgery, 409 were discharged from the hospital and 281 had late follow-up; 59 (20.9 percent) presented different degrees of supravalvular pulmonary stenosis and 21 had a mean gradient > 60 mmHg, needing surgical treatment. Depending on the location and anatomy of the stenosis, the surgical treatment consisted of the use of different techniques, such as the enlargement of stenosis areas with bovine pericardium patches, resection of stenotic areas and termino-terminal anastomosis, replacement of retracted patches and synthetic tubes. RESULTS: Twenty patients presented good evolution and only one patient died. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the supravalvular pulmonary stenosis, post-Jatene operation for Transposition of Great Arteries, had a prevalence of 20.9 percent; once identified and with indication for treatment, it can be treated surgically with low mortality levels, through different surgical techniques; to prevent the occurrence of stenosis, ample dissection and release of the pulmonary branches, double anastomoses, large patches of autologous pericardium and careful reconstruction of the aorta are proposed, which prevents the compression of the neopulmonary.

Postoperative atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft: clinical factors associated with in-hospital death.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with a higher likelihood of in-hospital death in patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) who developed atrial fibrillation (AF) postoperatively. METHODS: The authors analyzed data from 397 consecutive patients submitted to CABG that developed AF postoperatively between 2000 and 2003. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (G1) comprised patients who survived (n=369); and group 2 (G2) comprised patients who died during hospital stay (n=28). Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t test and chi-square test, and p values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: A comparative analysis between G1 and G2 showed that there was no difference between the groups as regards age (67.3 +/- 8.4 versus 69.3 +/- 9.6; p = 0.4), male gender (75.9% versus 64.3%; p = 0.1), systemic arterial hypertension (75.3% versus 85.7%; p = 0.2) and congestive heart failure (17% versus 17%; p = 1). Group 2 presented higher rates for previous acute myocardial infarction (14.6% versus 28.6%; p = 0.05), left ventricular ejection fraction < 40% (12.2% versus 32.1%; p = 0.003), previous cerebrovascular accident (0.8% versus 17.9%; p = 0.03), previous percutaneous coronary intervention (19.5% versus 39.3%; p = 0.01) and previous CABG (19.3% versus 35.7%; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Clinical history of acute myocardial infarction, CABG, percutaneous coronary intervention, cerebrovascular accident and severe ventricular dysfunction were significantly more frequent in the group that died during hospital stay, which suggests a possible association of these factors with a higher likelihood of death following CABG.

Fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio: características do perfil clínico associadas a óbitos hospitalares / Postoperative atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft: clinical factors associated with in-hospital death

OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores associados à maior chance de óbitos hospitalares em pacientes submetidos a revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio (RM), que tenham apresentado fibrilação atrial (FA) no pós-operatório. MÉTODOS: No período de 2000 a 2003, foi analisada uma série consecutiva de 397 pacientes submetidos a RM que desenvolveram FA no pós-operatório. Esses pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos (G), sendo o G1 formado pelos pacientes que sobreviveram (n=369) e o G2, por aqueles que faleceram na fase hospitalar (n=28). Foram realizados os testes t de Student e do qui-quadrado, sendo p significativo quando < 0,05. RESULTADOS: A análise comparativa entre o G1 e o G2 demonstrou não haver diferença entre os grupos quanto a idade (67,3 ± 8,4 anos vs 69,3 ± 9,6 anos; p = 0,4), sexo masculino (75,9 por cento vs 64,3 por cento; p = 0,1), hipertensão arterial sistêmica (75,3 por cento vs 85,7 por cento; p = 0,2) e insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (17 por cento vs 17 por cento; p = 1). O G2 apresentou maiores taxas de infarto agudo do miocárdio prévio (14,6 por cento vs 28,6 por cento; p = 0,05), fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo < 40 por cento (12,2 por cento vs 32,1 por cento; p = 0,003), acidente vascular encefálico prévio (0,8 por cento vs 17,9 por cento; p = 0,03), intervenção coronariana percutânea prévia (19,5 por cento vs 39,3 por cento; p = 0,01), e revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio prévia (19,3 por cento vs 35,7 por cento; p = 0,03). CONCLUSÃO: Antecedentes de infarto agudo do miocárdio, RM, intervenção coronariana percutânea, acidente vascular encefálico e déficit ventricular grave foram mais freqüentes no grupo que faleceu na fase hospitalar, sugerindo possível associação entre esses fatores e maior chance de óbito no pós-operatório de RM.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with a higher likelihood of in-hospital death in patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) who developed atrial fibrillation (AF) postoperatively. METHODS: The authors analyzed data from 397 consecutive patients submitted to CABG that developed AF postoperatively between 2000 and 2003. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (G1) comprised patients who survived (n=369); and group 2 (G2) comprised patients who died during hospital stay (n=28). Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t test and chi-square test, and p values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: A comparative analysis between G1 and G2 showed that there was no difference between the groups as regards age (67.3 ± 8.4 versus 69.3 ± 9.6; p = 0.4), male gender (75.9 percent versus 64.3 percent; p = 0.1), systemic arterial hypertension (75.3 percent versus 85.7 percent; p = 0.2) and congestive heart failure (17 percent versus 17 percent; p = 1). Group 2 presented higher rates for previous acute myocardial infarction (14.6 percent versus 28.6 percent; p = 0.05), left ventricular ejection fraction < 40 percent (12.2 percent versus 32.1 percent; p = 0.003), previous cerebrovascular accident (0.8 percent versus 17.9 percent; p = 0.03), previous percutaneous coronary intervention (19.5 percent versus 39.3 percent; p = 0.01) and previous CABG (19.3 percent versus 35.7 percent; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Clinical history of acute myocardial infarction, CABG, percutaneous coronary intervention, cerebrovascular accident and severe ventricular dysfunction were significantly more frequent in the group that died during hospital stay, which suggests a possible association of these factors with a higher likelihood of death following CABG.

The behavior of Troponin I and CKMB mass in children who underwent surgical correction of congenital heart malformations

OBJETIVO: Analisar o comportamento da troponina I (TROP I) e CKMB massa (CKMBm) conforme a adiçäo ou näo de magnésio (Mg) na cardioplegia e a influência dos fatores operatórios. MÉTODO: Foram estudadas 28 crianças com a idade de 3 a 108 meses, peso médio de 11,8 kg, sendo 18 do sexo masculino, divididas em dois grupos, 16 no grupo I (GI) e 12 no grupo II (GII). O GI recebeu soluçäo cardioplégica sangüínea fria com Mg 12 mEq/L e cloreto de potássio 20 mEq/L na dose de 20 mL/kg. O GII recebeu a mesma soluçäo sem o (Mg). Foram coletadas seis amostras de sangue para a dosagem sérica de TROP I e CKMBm: pré-pinçamento da aorta e com 1, 6, 24, 48 e 72 horas após o término do pinçamento da aorta. RESULTADOS: Os resultados demonstraram que näo houve diferença estatisticamente significante nos níveis TROP I e CKMBm, entre GI e GII. Dentre os fatores operatórios, a cianose influenciou nos níveis de TROP I e CKMBm, enquanto que o tempo de pinçamento da aorta (TPA) influenciou nos níveis de TROP I. CONCLUSÕES: A adiçäo de Mg na soluçäo cardioplégica näo esteve associada com níveis diferentes de TROP I e CKMBm. A cianose e o TPA interferiram no pico de TROP I.

Comunicaçäo interatrial do tipo seio coronário, comunicaçäo interventricular e ausência de veia cava superior esquerda / Coronary sinus atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect with no left superior vena cava

Relatamos um caso raro de um paciente de 21 meses, portador de comunicação interatrial do tipo seio coronário, associada a comunicação interventricular perimembranosa, e ausência de veia cava superior esquerda. O diagnóstico foi realizado através da ecocardiografia e confirmado pela angiografia. O paciente foi operado sem intercorrências, ambos os defeitos foram fechados com patch de pericárdio bovino e o fluxo das veias coronárias ficou direcionado para o átrio esquerdo. Um ecocardiograma mostrou ausência de shunt residual através dos defeitos.

Anastomose mamária-coronária: análise de 2923 casos / Mammary coronary anastomosis: analysis of 2923 cases

Foi a partir de 1972 que, no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, se iniciou o emprego da anastomose mamária-coronária associada, ou näo, a pontes de safena, ou a outros procedimentos. Nessa época, apenas a artéria mamária interna esquerda (MIE) foi usada (57 casos) para a revascularizaçäo de descendente anterior (DA) ou diagonal. No período 1973/1974 (386 casos), já ocorreram as primeiras anastomoses seqüênciais AMIE-DA/DA, assim como a artéria mamária interna direita (AMID) passou a ser empregada para ramos diagonais. Com a finalidade de verificar a evoluçäo tardia desta técnica, sua aplicaçäo foi praticamente interrompida, entre 1975.1982, restringindo-se apenas 43 casos, nesse período. Entretanto, a partir de 1982 até junho de 1986, ocorreu significativo incremento na sua aplicaçäo (2374 casos), sendo que, desde entäo, a quase totalidade (93%) das cirurgias de revascularizaçäo do miocárdio tem uma ou mais coronárias tratadas com anastomose mamária-coronária. A cmbinaçäo masi freqüente é AMIE/DA nos casos de mamária isolada e AMIE/DA e AMID/MG Cx nos casos de dupla mamária. Contudo, observaram-se, na casuística, as mais variadas combinaçöes (71) e associaçöes, abrangendo, praticamente, todas as artérias coronárias. Analisando-se o pós-operatório imediato de um grupo isolado de 177 pacientes operados em 1984, observou-se que esta técnica näo influiu na ocorrência de discência parcial, ou total, de esterno, em reoperaçäo por sangramento; todavia, ocorreram, em 25% dos casos, elevaçäo transitória da cúpula frênica, atelectasia em 17% e derrame pleural residual em 27,6%, geralmente concomitantes. Em relaçäo à evluçäo tardia, num grupo de 754 pacientes com mamária e safena e com evoluçäo até 9 anos, em 924 (71,8%) dos enxertos reestudados, constataram-se índices de permeabilidade de 91,5% nas mamárias versus 70,6% (826) das pontes de safena. Em outro grupo (102 pacientes), com evoluçäo entre 5 a 10 anos, apenas com mamária isolada, em 55 reestudos constataram-se 94,4% (50) de mamárias permeáveis e 5,6% (3) de ocluídas. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar, nos 2923 casos, foi de 3,45%